Defense Against Infectious Disease

6.3.U1 The skin and mucous membranes form a primary defense against pathogens that cause infectious disease.

Define pathogen.
State that skin and mucous membranes form the first line of defense against pathogens.
Outline the role of skin, sebaceous glands and mucous membranes in the defense against pathogens.

6.3.U2 Cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting.

State two benefits of blood clotting when skin is cut.

6.3.U3 Clotting factors are released from platelets.

Outline two roles of platelets in the blood clotting cascade.

6.3.U4 The cascade results in the rapid conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombrin.

Describe the blood clotting cascade, including the role of platelets, clotting factors, thrombin, fibrinogen and fibrin.

6.3.U5 Ingestion of pathogens by phagocytic white blood cells gives non-specific immunity to diseases.

State the white blood cells are the second line of defence against pathogens.
Outline the function of phagocytic white blood cells in defense against pathogens.

6.3.U6 Production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to particular pathogens gives specific immunity.

Define “specific immune response.”
Contrast antigen and antibody.
Describe the structure and function of antibodies.
State the function of plasma cells and memory cells.

6.3.U7 Antibiotics blocks processes that occur in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells

Define antibiotic.
Outline the mechanisms by which antibiotics kill bacteria.
Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses.

6.3.U9 Some strains of bacteria have evolved with genes that confer resistance to antibiotics and some strains of bacteria have multiple resistance.

List five measures that can be taken to avoid the development of antibiotic resistance.
Explain why multiple drug antibiotic resistance is especially dangerous.
State an example of a multidrug resistant bacteria.

6.3.A1 Causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary arteries.

State the function of the coronary arteries.
Define coronary thrombosis.
List sources of arterial damage that increase the risk of coronary thrombosis.
List factors that are correlated with an increased risk of coronary thrombosis and heart attack.

6.3.A2 Effects of HIV on the immune system and methods of transmission.

Describe the consequences of the HIV on the immune system.
Outline the relationship between HIV and AIDS.
List ways the HIV virus is spread.